2023年4月7日星期五

深圳故事｜特区发展的“第一桶金”：“三来一补”

特区发展的“第一桶金”：“三来一补”

First pot of gold of Shenzhen SEZ: ‘three supplies and one compensation’ trade

“三来一补”是改革开放初期创立的一种企业贸易形式，即“来料加工”“来样加工”“来件装配”与“补偿贸易”，是由外商提供设备、原材料、来样等，由中方提供工地、厂房、劳动力，按照外商要求组织生产、加工装配，全部产品外销，中方收取加工费的一种贸易方式。

“Three supplies and one compensation” was a form of trade among enterprises at the beginning of reform and opening up, namely “processing with supplied materials, processing according to supplied samples, assembling with supplied parts, and compensation trade.” Foreign clients provided equipment, raw materials, and samples while Chinese enterprises provided land, workshops and labor and organized production, processing and assembly in accordance with the requirements of foreign clients. All products were exported and Chinese enterprises charged only processing fees.

宝安县（深圳市前身）的“三来一补”贸易起步于1978年。

The "three supplies and one compensation" trade of Bao’an County (the predecessor of Shenzhen) started in 1978.

1978年7月，国务院颁布《开展对外加工装配业务试行办法》，允许采取先办厂、后承接外商加工装配业务的“来料加工”方式，试行“三来一补”。根据国务院的指示，1978年10月，广东省外贸局发布通知，同意宝安、珠海、东莞等县、市的外贸单位，依托地缘优势和生产基础，会同当地计划和工业部门，直接办理对港澳地区的加工装配业务。党的十一届三中全会召开后，中央赋予广东“特殊政策、灵活措施”，彼时的宝安县充分发挥毗邻港澳、华侨众多、交通便利的优势，积极发展“三来一补”贸易，对后来深圳经济的起步和跨越式发展产生了巨大的推动作用。

In July 1978, the State Council issued the Trial Measures to Carry out Foreign Processing and Assembly Business, allowing enterprises to set up factories first and then undertake processing and assembly businesses from foreign clients. According to the instructions of the State Council, in October 1978, the Guangdong Provincial Foreign Trade Bureau issued a notice, agreeing that the foreign trade departments of Bao’an, Zhuhai, Dongguan and other counties and cities, relying on their geographical advantages and production bases, together with the local planning and industrial departments, directly handle the processing and assembly businesses of Hong Kong and Macao. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the Central Government offered Guangdong Province “special policies and flexible measures,” letting Bao’an County give full play to its advantages and actively develop the “three supplies and one compensation” trade, which greatly promoted the subsequent leapfrog growth of Shenzhen’s economy.

深圳市对外加工装配业务经验交流会议文件之一《引进外资开展对外加工装配情况总结（1979年1至9月份）》

One of the documents of the Shenzhen Foreign Processing and Assembly Business Experiences Exchange Conference — “Summary of Foreign Processing and Assembly” (January to September 1979).

1979年9月，国务院颁布《开展对外加工装配和中小型补偿贸易办法》，进一步规范来料加工贸易方式，“三来一补”业务在国家层面上的合法性得到进一步确认。此后，深圳引进“三来一补”企业的步伐大大加快。

In September 1979, the State Council issued a document to further standardize the processing trade, and the legitimacy of the “three supplies and one compensation” mode was further confirmed at the national level. Since then, the pace of introducing enterprises engaging in the “three supplies and one compensation” trade was greatly accelerated.

档案资料显示，1993-1994年，“三来一补”贸易在深圳的发展到达顶峰阶段，1994年，深圳“三来一补”企业数量占全省的1/3，累计实际利用外资占全省的48%，出口总额、就业人数、工缴费结汇均占全省的40%左右。这充分说明，在特区经济发展初期，“三来一补”贸易为深圳带来了“第一桶金”，是深圳外向型经济的重要支柱，也表明深圳在全省外向型经济中的显要地位。

Archives show that from 1993 to 1994, the development of the “three supplies and one compensation” trade in Shenzhen reached its peak. In 1994, the number of related enterprises in Shenzhen accounted for one-third of that of the province, and the cumulative actual utilization of foreign capital accounted for 48% of that of the province. The total exports, number of employees and settlement of processing fees each accounted for about 40% of the province’s total. In the early stage of the economic development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, the “three supplies and one compensation” mode brought Shenzhen its “first pot of gold” and became an important pillar of Shenzhen’s export-oriented economy.

深圳故事｜特区精神的名片——孺子牛雕塑

特区精神的名片——孺子牛雕塑

Name card of Shenzhen SEZ spirit – the willing ox statue

如果要从深圳市内大大小小的雕塑中，挑一座作为“特区精神”的形象表达，大部分人的脑海中都会立刻浮现出孺子牛雕塑低头奋进的模样。

If people were asked to select one of the statues in Shenzhen to signify the spirit of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ), the willing ox statue would be most people’s choice.

这座雕塑位于福田区华强北街道深南中路1018号深圳市委大院入口处，重4吨，高2米，长5.6米，由牛雕、老树根两部分组成，主体为铜材质，底座为花岗岩石。“孺子牛”勾头朝前，四脚蹬地，全身的肌肉线条让整个造型极富感染力，给见过它的人们留下了深刻印象。

This statue is located at the entrance of the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee compound, 1018 Shennan Road Central, Huaqiangbei Subdistrict, Futian District. Weighing four tons and standing two meters high and 5.6 meters long, the statue consists of two parts, with the main body made of copper material and the base made of granite rock. Its gestures are infectious and impressive.

孺子牛雕塑创作定稿小样（现藏于深圳市档案馆）

The final prototype of the willing ox statue (now in the Shenzhen Archives).

与基础设施建设一样，城市雕塑是城市文化的重要组成部分，也是百年大计，体现了一座城市的精神传承。那么，这座凝聚着特区精神的标志性雕塑，是怎么确定下“孺子牛”这个形象的呢？

Along with infrastructure construction, urban sculpture is an important part of a city’s culture, reflecting its spiritual heritage. Why did the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone choose the image of a willing ox as its spiritual symbol?

在深圳经济特区刚刚建立时，深圳市委市政府计划在市委大院内建一座城市雕塑，用来体现特区精神，鼓舞广大干部群众。我国著名雕塑家潘鹤受深圳市委市政府邀请参与了创作。

When the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was first established, the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee and the Shenzhen government planned to build a statue in the compound of the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee to embody the spirit of the SEZ and inspire the people. Pan He, a famous sculptor in China, was invited to participate in the creation.

在前期规划中，众人群策群议，雕塑题材几经讨论，仍未能确定。有一天，潘鹤在住所外看见拖拉机、推土机、汽车来来往往，心中灵感油然而生。他思考，在改革开放的背景下，特区建设从无到有，是一代代人奋斗的结果，选用“开荒牛”，再合适不过。这个想法得到了深圳市领导的一致认同，开荒牛的形象就这样确定下来了。

Pan recalled seeing tractors, bulldozers and trucks outside his residence and the inspiration came to his mind. He thought, in the context of reform and opening up, the construction of Shenzhen is the result of the struggle of generations of people and the choice of a pioneering ox was the most appropriate symbol. This idea was unanimously approved by the leaders of Shenzhen.

后来，潘鹤外出办事时，被两块老树根启发，设想将树根摆在开荒牛后面，表示特区干部要铲掉旧根，把小农意识、封建意识、保守思想和官僚作风连根拔起，开荒牛的整体立意就此确定。铜雕完成后，潘鹤在铜雕基座刻下了“孺子牛”三个字，这是取鲁迅先生“俯首甘为孺子牛”之意，意味着既要开荒拓新，也要勤恳务实。

Later, Pan was inspired by two old tree roots and he planned to place them behind the ox, indicating that the small peasant ideology, feudal ideology, conservative thinking, and bureaucratic style should be eradicated, which is the overall intention of the statue. After the statue was completed, Pan engraved the three words “孺子牛” on the base of the statue, which were taken from the famous verse of writer Lu Xun: Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children, expressing a resolution to not only blaze new trails but also be diligent and pragmatic.

1984年7月27日，孺子牛雕塑落成，落成之后，参观者络绎不绝。为方便广大干部群众参观，1999年2月6日，雕塑被迁移到深圳市委大院门前。

On July 27, 1984, the statue was unveiled. On February 6, 1999, the statue was moved to the compound of the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee.

2010年11月、2022年7月，孺子牛雕塑分别被深圳市人民政府、广东省人民政府公布为第五批市级文物保护单位及第十批省级文物保护单位。孺子牛雕塑是深圳文化的重要体现，为市民传递着这座城市开拓、创新、奉献、前进的精神和品格。

In November 2010 and July 2022, the statue was listed by Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government and Guangdong Provincial People’s Government in the fifth batch of municipal cultural relics protection units and in the 10th batch of provincial cultural relics protection units respectively. The statue stands as an important symbol of Shenzhen’s culture, conveying to the public the spirit and character of the city, which is pioneering, innovative, dedicated and progressive.

深圳故事｜深圳坐标原点——上海宾馆

深圳坐标原点——上海宾馆
Origin of Shenzhen’s coordinates - Shanghai Hotel

20世纪80年代末，从罗湖的蔡屋围向西望去，仅有一座最高的建筑，再往西则是一片荒芜，夜幕降临时一片黢黑。这座建筑就是当时深圳城郊分野的临界点，也是深圳坐标原点——上海宾馆。

In the late 1980s, looking west from Caiwuwei in Luohu, there was only one tall building, and further west was only wasteland. This building was the boundary point of the suburban division of Shenzhen at that time, and also the origin of Shenzhen’s coordinates – it was the Shanghai Hotel.

上海宾馆位于深南中路3032号，始建于1983年，1985年10月28日开业，由中航深圳工贸中心、香港兴业公司、上海石化金山宾馆三家企业合办。为什么地属于深圳，却名为“上海宾馆”？这是因为它原名为“航空宾馆”，从负责人到员工也全部来自上海，有着浓厚的海派风格。

Located at 3032 Shennan Road Central, the Shanghai Hotel was built in 1983 and opened on October 28, 1985. It was jointly run by the China Aviation Technology Shenzhen Co. Ltd., HKR Company and Sinopec Shanghai Jinshan Hotel. Why was it named “Shanghai Hotel” in Shenzhen? Originally, it was named “Aviation Hotel” and the staff was from Shanghai.

上海宾馆有着白色的哥特式穹顶、蓝色的玻璃外墙。这座仅12层楼，洋溢着上海滩风格的建筑，在如今高楼林立的深南大道上，已经不太起眼了，但在老一辈深圳人心中，上海宾馆却有着特殊的意义。改革开放之初，许多建设者来深奋斗，上海宾馆极具特色的海派风情，不仅让上海朋友有了情感寄托，也吸引了很多深圳本地人和外地人。

This 12-story Shanghai-style building, with a white Gothic dome and blue glass façade, bears special meaning in the hearts of the older generations of Shenzheners. At the beginning of the reform and opening up, many people came to Shenzhen and the Shanghai Hotel became their emotional support space, attracting a lot of locals and people from other places.

上海宾馆之所以被称为“坐标原点”，有一个很重要的原因，是它特殊的地理位置。作为来深或返乡的必经之地，它是深圳人家喻户晓的地标建筑，是人们往返深圳的集合点，也是在市中心的落脚点。

Due to its special geographical location, the Shanghai Hotel was called “the origin of Shenzhen’s coordinates.” As a must-pass place for people coming to or leaving Shenzhen, it is also a well-known landmark in Shenzhen.

如此特殊的上海宾馆，在2005年获得了一项殊荣。通过市民投票，它被评为“深圳改革开放十大历史性建筑”之一，颁奖辞是：“很多年了，一座一座的高楼，在她身边崛起……她曾是20年前深圳的地标……翻检着历史，守望着回忆。”

The Shanghai Hotel was voted as one of the “top 10 historic buildings during Shenzhen’s reform and opening up.”

20世纪，上海宾馆的西边是一片稻田。而如今，深圳确定将上海宾馆以西的中心公园及市民南广场，划出约95亩土地，重新开垦为耕地使用，全力推进“都市农业”建设。已有37年历史的上海宾馆，将屹立在深南大道，继续守望着特区的日新月异。

In the 20th century, there was a rice field to the west of the Shanghai Hotel. Today’s Shenzhen is reclaiming 95 mu (approximately 63,333 square meters) of that land as farmland and is promoting the development of “urban agriculture.” The 37-year-old Shanghai Hotel will continue to stand on Shennan Boulevard and will continue to witness the rapid development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

深圳故事｜与特区同步成长的深南大道

与特区同步成长的深南大道
Shennan Boulevard – growing together with Shenzhen SEZ

深南大道被称为“深圳第一路”，从修建到扩建，再到全线贯通，它见证了深圳经济特区从一座边陲小镇发展为现代化国际化城市的历程。

Shennan Boulevard, Shenzhen’s most iconic road, has witnessed the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ).

深圳经济特区呈东西宽、南北窄的狭长形，这导致辖区内东西方向的交通尤为不便。1979年以前，从深圳通往广州的107国道不仅崎岖不平、坡陡、拐弯多，还未设置下水道和涵洞。为拓宽城市发展空间，便利市民出行，同年，深圳市拨款，由中交第四航务工程局有限公司和深圳市公路局在107国道的基础上，分段修建深南大道。到了1980年，深南大道路面铺设了柏油，东端延伸至黄贝岭，西端由原来的蔡屋围一带延伸至上海宾馆，虽然全长仅2.1公里、7米宽，但在当时已是深圳最长的道路。

In Shenzhen’s formative years, due to its long and narrow shape, the traffic was bad. Prior to 1979, the 107 National Highway, which had many steep slopes and turns, was not only rugged but also didn’t have sewers and culverts. In order to widen the space for urban development and facilitate people’s travel, Shenzhen allocated funds in that same year for the construction of Shennan Boulevard. The CCCC Fourth Harbor Engineering Co. Ltd. and the Shenzhen Highway Bureau undertook the project. The surface of Shennan Boulevard was paved with tar and it was extended to Huangbeiling in the east and to the Shanghai Hotel in the west. Though it was only 2.1 kilometers in length and seven meters in width, it was still the longest road in Shenzhen at that time.

1982年2月，为改（扩）建深南大道，深圳市人民政府办公厅下发了拆迁通知。（原件藏于深圳市档案馆）

In February 1982, in order to renovate (extend) Shennan Boulevard, the General Office of the Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government issued a notice of demolition. (The original copy is in the Shenzhen Archives)

1982年2月，为改（扩）建深南大道，深圳市人民政府办公厅下发了拆迁通知。（原件藏于深圳市档案馆）

自1982年起，深南大道就经过了多次扩展和优化。1993年的一份档案资料显示，深南大道的拓宽工程创下了当年七项全国之最：一是市区道路单项长度为全国之最；二是路幅宽度为全国之最；三是交通设施水平为全国最高；四是交通功能齐全程度为全国之最；五是绿化工程水平为全国之最；六是道路单项技术质量指标为全国最高；七是建设速度为全国之最。深南大道的拓宽，为缓解经济特区建立初期市区交通紧张状况、促进西区经济发展发挥了巨大作用。

Since 1982, Shennan Boulevard had undergone several expansions and improvements. An archive dated 1993 showed that the widening project of Shennan Boulevard set seven national records in that year, including the longest urban road, the widest road, the highest level of traffic facilities, the most complete traffic functions, the highest level of greening works, the highest technical quality indexes, and the fastest construction speed in the country. The widening of the boulevard had played a huge role in relieving the traffic congestion in the urban area during the early days of the special economic zone and promoting the economic development of the western area.

1994年，全长25.6公里的深南大道全线贯通，路幅宽达135米，中心区最宽达350米，沿线与48条南北方向的市政道路交会。改革开放40余年来，深南大道与深圳经济特区共同成长，如今已发展为深圳这座现代化城市的核心中轴线。

In 1994, the 25.6-kilometer-long Shennan Boulevard was put into use. With a width of 135 meters and the widest part of 350 meters in the central area, and the boulevard intersected with 48 north-south municipal roads. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, Shennan Boulevard has been growing together with the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and has now developed into the core axis of this metropolis.