深圳故事｜内地商品房的”原点”：东湖丽苑

内地商品房的”原点”：东湖丽苑

Donghu Liyuan, origin of commercial housing on Chinese mainland

位于罗湖区爱国路3001号的东湖丽苑是中国内地最早的商品房开发项目之一，它的建成不仅展现了深圳经济特区土地的价值，也开拓了土地有偿使用的”先河”。

The Donghu Liyuan housing estate on Aiguo Road in Luohu District is one of the earliest commercial housing estates developed on the Chinese mainland. It not only reflected the value of the land in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, but also piloted the practice of the use of land for compensation.

 

1979年，深圳建市之初，深圳市房管局接到了一项来自中央的任务——给前来深圳支援的干部建宿舍，包括市政府机关人员和市属企业职工的住房，一年之内要建成两个小区，总计240套，粗略估算只把征地费和材料费加以来至少也要200万元，但建设经费仅划拨了50万元。

In 1979 when the city of Shenzhen was first established, the Shenzhen Municipal Housing Management Bureau was assigned to build two housing estates for officials who had been transferred by the Central authority to Shenzhen to support its development. It was estimated that the construction of the two housing estates, with a total of 240 apartments, would have cost at least 2 million yuan (US$292,000), including expenditures on land acquisition and building materials. But the bureau was allocated a fund of only 500,000 yuan from the Central authority.

 

建楼，钱从哪里来？

Where then did the money come from to fund the construction of the apartments?

 

当时与深圳仅一河之隔的香港楼市十分繁荣，资料显示，1968年至1973年，香港启动了”新市镇开发计划”，并于1972年制定了”十年建屋计划”，有效提高了港人住房品质，使得房价飙升，为香港财政收入积累了大量财富，这让时任房管局副局长的骆锦星看到了土地的价值所在。

The housing market in neighboring Hong Kong, which is separated from Shenzhen only by a river, was fairly prosperous. Official data showed that the Development Plan of a New Town initiated by the Hong Kong government from 1968 to 1973, and the 10-year Plan of Apartment Building mapped out in 1972, had not only greatly improved the living condition of Hongkongers, but also helped the Hong Kong government accumulate substantial wealth for its revenue. This provided Luo Jinxing, then deputy director of Shenzhen’s housing bureau, the insight to see the value of the land.

 

然而在1979年的中国大陆，土地采取的是高度严格的计划管制体系，当时《中华人民共和国宪法》明确规定：任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖、出租或者以其他形式非法转让土地。也就是说，这时的土地并不具备商品属性。

In 1979, however, land on the Chinese mainland was subject to a highly rigid system of centralized planning and management. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China at that time stipulated that no organizations or individuals were allowed to appropriate, trade, lease or illegally transfer land. In other words, land at that time did not have the attributes of a commodity.

 

如何把土地变成黄金？骆锦星决定以全新的思维方式寻求出路。他翻开《列宁全集》，找到了这样几句话：消灭土地私有制，并不要求消灭地租，而是要求把地租——虽然是用改变过的形式——转交给社会。

How could the land be turned into gold? Luo Jinxing decided to take a completely different approach to create a solution. He turned to the book “The Complete Works of Lenin” and was enlightened by the lines, “The purpose of eliminating private ownership of land was not to eliminate land rent, but rather to transfer the rent, in an altered form, to society.”

这短短的几句话，是当时深圳探索开展土地改革的唯一依据，也让骆锦星茅塞顿开。

These words also became the prime foundation that backed Shenzhen’s exploration of land reform.

 

他拿着《列宁选集》迅速找到市领导，征得同意后，决定以”贸易补偿”这种特殊的方式与港商合作。这种方式是由深圳政府出地，港商出钱盖房，利润双方分成来获取资金。

With the book in hand, he went to seek support from senior government officials. With their consent, Luo decided to work with Hong Kong businesspeople in the form of “trade compensation,” under which the Shenzhen city government would provide land, selected Hong Kong housing developers would be responsible for building apartment buildings, and the two parties would split the profits at an agreed upon proportion. In this way, the Shenzhen government could obtain the funds for the construction of the housing estates.

 

1979年12月31日，香港妙丽集团董事长刘天就来到深圳，签下了《建设与出售深圳华侨新村楼宇协议书》。该协议书明确，深圳市政府出让土地使用权、港商提供盖楼所需资金并负责销售，所得利润由深圳、港商各占85%、15%的比例进行分配。这次合作，让土地使用与获得资金有了实质联系。

On December 31, 1979, Lau Tin-chao, chairman of the board of Hong Kong Miaoli Group, came to Shenzhen and signed an agreement on the construction and sales of the Shenzhen Huaqiao Xincun housing estate. According to the agreement, the Shenzhen city government provided the land for building the housing estate, while Lau’s company would fund the construction of the housing estate and be in charge of the sales of the apartments. The profit generated from the project would be split by the two parties at 85% and 15%. Through this cooperation, the Shenzhen city government found an effective way to link land use and access to capital.

1981年5月12日，深圳市计划委员会发布《关于湖滨新村第二期、东湖丽苑第三期工程计划的通知》。

The announcement of the construction planning of the second phase of Hubin Xincun and the third phase of Donghu Liyuan housing estates released by the Shenzhen Municipal Planning Commission on May 12, 1981.

档案资料显示，东湖丽苑占地面积33000平方米，分三期安排兴建。第一期、第二期均为两大幢六小幢六层楼，6480平方米，分别于1980年7月、10月动工；第三期包括一幢二十八层大厦，两幢六层商住楼，五座花园别墅以及幼儿园、游乐场及附属设施，占地约18103平方米。

According to archival materials, the Donghu Liyuan housing estate covered a total area of 33,000 square meters, and was built in three phases. The first and second phases each contained eight six-floor buildings in an area of 6,480 square meters. Construction of the two phases started in July and October 1980, respectively. The third phase of a 28-story high-rise, two buildings of six floors, five villas, a kindergarten, a playground and other supporting facilities took up an area of 18,103 square meters.

当时，东湖丽苑第一期108套房源在香港妙丽房产购房中心销售，售价为2730元/平方米，比香港楼市价格便宜一半，仅3天就销售一空。东湖丽苑第一期、第二期为深圳市政府积累了500万元的收入。

The average home price of the 108 apartments in the first phase of Donghu Liyuan was 2,730 yuan/square meter, about half of the average home price in Hong Kong. All apartments were sold out in three days. The first two phases of the housing estate brought the Shenzhen city government a total revenue of 5 million yuan.

庆祝东湖丽苑落成典礼

Ceremony of the inauguration of the Donghu Liyuan estate

在深圳东湖丽苑开发的同时，广州也与港商合作开发了商品房小区东湖新村。随后，深圳住房商品化的脚步开始加快，越来越多的外商前来投资，深圳的土地逐渐被盘活。

At the same time, the Guangzhou city government also jointly developed with a Hong Kong developer another residential complex, the Donghu Xincun housing estate. Since then, Shenzhen sped up the reform of the housing market, attracting an increasing number of overseas developers. The land in Shenzhen was gradually revitalized through the reforms.

深圳故事｜新中国土地拍卖“第一槌”

新中国土地拍卖“第一槌”

First land auction in New China

在35年前的深圳会堂，深圳市政府举行了新中国首次土地使用权公开拍卖会。拍卖官手起槌落，敲下了新中国土地拍卖的“第一槌”，这一声敲击，如石破天惊，发出了中国内地土地管理体制改革的第一个强音。

Thirty-five years ago in the Shenzhen Auditorium, the Shenzhen Municipal Government held its first public auction of land use rights in New China. The auctioneer for the first time brought down the gavel, which initiated the land management system reform on the Chinese mainland.

 

深圳经济特区建立初期，进行了土地使用权收费的积极探索。但是，土地商品化在具体执行层面，还没有可供依据的正式文件。1987年5月21日，深圳市委常委会讨论《深圳经济特区土地管理体制改革方案》，决定采取公开拍卖、招标、协议等办法出让土地使用权；允许土地流通、转让、买卖与抵押。这样一来，就开启了深圳有偿使用土地的新局面。

In the early days of the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, it actively explored land use rights charges. However, there was no official document for the implementation of land commercialization. On May 21, 1987, the Standing Committee of the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee discussed the Land Management System Reform Plan of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and decided to transfer the land use right through public auction, bidding, and agreement signing policies, allowing the circulation, transfer, sale and mortgage of land. In this way, Shenzhen initiated new modes of paid land use.

 

同年11月，国务院批准深圳、广州等地进行土地使用制度改革试点；12月1日，深圳市政府决定举行一次土地拍卖，标的是一宗8588平方米住宅土地50年的使用权，土地紧邻深圳水库，编号为H409-4。拍卖地块起拍价为200万元，每口价5万元。当天有44家企业报名参加竞拍，其中有9家是外资企业。几位中央领导以及来自全国17个城市的市长都在现场，香港也派出了由21人组成的“深圳第一次土地拍卖参观团”，共同见证历史性的一刻。

In November of the same year, the State Council gave approval to Shenzhen, Guangzhou and other places to implement the reform of the land use system. On December 1, the Shenzhen Municipal Government decided to hold a land auction and the subject was the 50-year use right of a residential lot of 8,588 square meters and the bidding price started at 2 million yuan. On that day, a total of 44 companies participated in the auction, nine of which were foreign-invested companies. Several leaders from the Central Government and mayors from 17 cities across the country were present. Hong Kong also sent a visiting group of Shenzhen’s first land auction to witness the historic moment.

 

拍卖仪式于下午4点30分正式开始，现场气氛热烈，各家竞投企业争相叫价。“410万、430万……”，直到“525万一次，525万两次，525万三次。成交！”。拍卖官敲下拍卖槌，宣布被拍卖的地块使用权由深圳经济特区房地产公司获得。

The auction started at 4:30 p.m., and the atmosphere was enthusiastic. Eventually, the land use right was sold to the Real Estate Company of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone .

1987年12月1日，新中国首次土地使用权公开拍卖会现场（图片由深圳晚报提供）。

On December 1, 1987, the first auction of land use rights in New China. (Photos courtesy of Shenzhen Evening News)

 

一“槌”定音后，深圳土地有偿出让渐渐成为常态，为特区城市建设筹集了大量资金。1988年4月12日，全国人大通过《中华人民共和国宪法修正草案》，增加了土地使用权可以按照法律的规定转让的内容，国有土地使用权出让从此合法化。

On April 12, 1988, the National People’s Congress passed the Draft Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, which added that the rights to use land can be transferred in accordance with the law. Since then, the transfer of the use rights of State-owned land has been legalized.

深圳故事｜“特区中的特区”：沙头角保税区

“特区中的特区”：沙头角保税区

Shatoujiao Bonded Zone – special zone in Shenzhen SEZ

苍青如黛的梧桐山下，碧波粼粼的大鹏湾侧，孕育着一颗璀璨的明珠——沙头角保税区。这块围网内面积0.2平方公里，配套生活用地0.1平方公里，新增填海地面积0.12平方公里的袖珍宝地，被称为“特区中的特区”。

The Shatoujiao Bonded Zone, which is located at the foot of Wutong Mountain and covers an enclosed area of 0.2 square kilometers, a living area of 0.1 square kilometers and a new piece of reclaimed land of 0.12 square kilometers, is known as the “special zone in the Shenzhen SEZ.”

 

沙头角保税区位于深圳经济特区沙头角镇，与香港山水相连，东临我国最大深水港之一——盐田港，西距通往香港新界的沙头角口岸不到一公里，口岸通关优势十分突出。

The geographical location of the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone is rather advantageous. Sitting adjacent to Hong Kong, it connects with Yantian Port in the east, which is one of the largest deep water ports of China. Also, it is less than one kilometer from the Shatoujiao Port, which leads to the New Territories of Hong Kong.

沙头角全景图（图片由陈宗浩提供）

A panoramic view of Shatoujiao. (Photo courtesy of Chen Zonghao)

何为保税区？简单来说，保税区是我国深化改革，扩大开放的产物，是扩大利用外资，探索按国际管理运作的试验区。追溯沙头角保税区的历史，它起源于深圳经济特区率先在全国范围内提出建立“出口加工区”的设想，并利用优势条件“在沙头角区划出一块地方试办保税性质的出口加工区”。

What is a bonded zone? Simply stated, bonded zone is a product of China deepening its reform and opening up. It is also a pilot area for expanding the utilization of foreign capital and exploring business operation based on international management. Going back to the history of the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone, it originated from an idea of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone when it took the lead in the country in proposing the setup of an export processing zone by taking advantage of the local conditions to set aside a place to establish a pilot bonded export processing zone in the Shatoujiao area.

经过多次修改、论证与协调，深圳市政府下发439号文件，1987年12月25日，“深圳沙头角保税工业区”正式挂牌成立。1991年5月28日，国务院正式批准设立沙头角保税区。

After modifications, discussions and coordination, the Shenzhen Municipal Government issued document No. 439, and on December 25, 1987, the Shenzhen Shatoujiao Bonded Industrial Zone was officially launched. On May 28, 1991, the State Council formally approved the establishment of the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone.

 

在大胆超前探索的过程中，为提高效率，沙头角保税工业区参照国际惯例逐步建立了一套“三个一”的管理体制：即管理机构“一元化”——权力集中，人员精简，事权统一，集中办理，手续简化；工作方法“一站式”——集中一切行政手续，一次办妥；服务“一条龙”——为投资者提高一系列配套服务，改变了外商对在中国投资办事“难、繁、慢”的旧印象。受益于此，沙头角保税区的首家中外合资企业（深圳富华实业有限公司）从申请设立到领取营业执照仅花费5天，从装修到投产仅用了80天。

To improve efficiency, the Shatoujiao Bonded Industrial Zone established its management system in accordance with international practices. With its unified management, the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone provided investors with one-stop services and the procedures were well coordinated. Consequently, it took only five days for the first Sino-foreign joint venture of the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone, Shenzhen Fuhua Industrial Co. Ltd., to receive its business license.

 

2014年1月22日，国务院批复设立深圳盐田综合保税区（由沙头角保税区、盐田港保税区、盐田港保税物流园整合升级）。整合升级后，沙头角保税区片区企业主要从事电子产品、黄金珠宝、智能玩具等出口加工业务。作为我国以拓展外向型经济为目标的超前改革实验场，沙头角保税工业区无论是探索新道路，还是创造新模式，都为特区的发展乃至全国的改革开放提供了有益启示。

On January 22, 2014, the State Council approved the establishment of the Shenzhen Yantian Comprehensive Bonded Zone, which consists of the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone, Yantian Port Bonded Zone and Yantian Port Bonded Logistics Park. After the integration and upgrading, enterprises in the Shatoujiao Bonded Zone primarily engage in the export processing of electronic products, gold and jewelry, and intelligent toys. The development of the Shatoujiao Bonded Industrial Zone has provided useful inspirations for the development of the Shenzhen SEZ and even the reform and opening up of the country.

深圳故事｜中国大陆的第一家麦当劳

中国大陆的第一家麦当劳

First McDonald’s on Chinese mainland

如今在街头巷尾，人们随处可以看到门口悬挂着“金拱门”标志的麦当劳快餐店，随时可以进店品尝汉堡、薯条等西式快餐。但很少有人知道，麦当劳进驻中国大陆的“起点”是在深圳，不经意间，麦当劳已经走过了32个年头。

Nowadays, McDonald's can be seen in almost every city on the Chinese mainland. But few people know that the first McDonald’s on the Chinese mainland was opened in Shenzhen, and has been operating for 32 years.

1990年10月8日，中国大陆第一家麦当劳开业现场（图片为深圳晚报提供）

The opening of the first McDonald’s on the Chinese mainland on October 8, 1990. (Photo courtesy of Shenzhen Evening News)

为什么当时风靡于香港乃至全世界五十多个国家和地区的麦当劳，会选择深圳作为进入中国大陆市场的首站？翻阅档案资料，我们可以从中找到答案。

Why did McDonald's choose Shenzhen for its first branch on the Chinese mainland?

 

自深圳经济特区建立以来，麦当劳总部就注意到了特区饮食业和食品工业的迅猛发展。除此之外，深圳有着优越的投资环境，良好的社会秩序，层次较高的居民生活与消费水平，潜藏着巨大的市场。

After the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, the rapid development of its food and catering industries drew McDonald’s attention. In addition, the favorable investment environment, good social order and high level of living and consumption of Shenzhen made itself a huge potential market.

 

麦当劳自身也凭借“价格低”和“出餐快”等优势，对进军深圳市场信心满满。尽管当时麦当劳快餐的种类并不多，包括汉堡、薯条、饮料，但每餐售价为10-15港币不等，与中式快餐价格相当；麦当劳有着大型餐厅的运营经验，经过管理培训的服务员能够在短时间内为大量客流提供就餐服务，给顾客带来全新的饮食体验。

With its own advantages, including low prices and fast cooking of food, McDonald’s had confidence in entering the Shenzhen market. The average price of each meal was HK$10 to HK$15, which was comparable to that of Chinese fast food. Also, McDonald's was already experienced in operating large restaurants. Its employees had been trained to provide dining services for a large number of customers in a short period of time, which would provide customers with a fresh and unique dining experience.

 

因此，经过多方面的审慎调研，麦当劳总部决定投资3000万港币，在深圳解放路西华宫光华楼开设中国大陆第一家麦当劳。

Therefore, after prudent research in many aspects, the McDonald's headquarters decided to invest HK$30 million to open the first McDonald’s on the Chinese mainland, which was located in the Guanghua Building, Xihua Palace, Jiefang Road, Shenzhen.

1990年10月8日开业当天，光华楼二楼的20台收银机全开也不够用，排队就餐的客人从二楼排到一楼，又从大堂排到了外广场。餐厅里面的500个座位全都坐满，站着就餐和排队等候的人又把大堂挤得水泄不通，场面超乎想象。

On the opening day of October 8, 1990, the 20 McDonald's cash registers were far from enough. Customers even had to queue outside the restaurant. The 500 seats of the restaurant were fully occupied. The whole scene was beyond imagination.

 

麦当劳在深圳的开设，不仅改变了消费者的饮食习惯，营造了全新的饮食文化，使深圳人率先适应现代商品经济的高速度与快节奏，也为特区培养了一批优秀的管理、服务人才，为深圳加快对外开放、引进外资带来了更好的投资环境。

The opening of McDonald's in Shenzhen not only changed the eating habits of consumers, but also nurtured a new food culture. Shenzheners, as a result, became adapted to the high speed and fast pace of the modern commodity economy. A number of excellent management and service talents were trained and a better investment environment was created, speeding up the opening up and introduction of foreign investment of Shenzhen.

深圳故事｜内地首家台资企业“落地生根”

内地首家台资企业“落地生根”

First Taiwan-funded enterprise on Chinese mainland

1983年，大陆第一家台资企业——深圳华侨家私有限公司在深圳营业。它开启了台资企业在深圳的发展历程，从侧面反映出深圳经济特区改革开放的勇气与决心。

In 1983, the Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Furniture Co. Ltd., the first Taiwan-funded enterprise on the Chinese mainland, began operation. It initiated the development process of Taiwan-funded enterprises in Shenzhen and reflected the courage and determination of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in carrying out reform and opening up.

 

在深圳经济特区建立初期，根据特区性质和发展实际情况，深圳市委市政府采用了“外引内联”（引进外资，内部经济联合）的方式来发展国民经济。1982年11月，深圳市政府批复同意沙河华侨企业公司和香港仙妮有限公司签订的协议书，将原先以来料加工方式兴建的“深圳华侨傢（家）俬（私）制造厂”，改为合资经营的“深圳华侨傢（家）俬（私）有限公司”。这样一来，内地第一家台企正式落户深圳。

In the early days of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, based on the nature of the SEZ and the actual situation of its development, the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee and Municipal Government adopted the “introducing foreign capital and integrating internal economy” concept to develop the national economy. In November 1982, the Shenzhen Municipal Government approved the agreement signed by the Shahe Overseas Chinese Enterprise Company and Hong Kong Sunny Co. Ltd. to change the original Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Furniture Manufacturing Factory built for processing supplied materials into the joint venture Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Furniture Co. Ltd. Thus, the first Taiwanese enterprise on the mainland officially settled in Shenzhen.

深圳华侨家私有限公司的批准证书

Approval certificate of the Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Furniture Co. Ltd.

随后，台资企业在深圳逐渐发展壮大。档案资料显示，深圳台资企业已成为推动深圳外向型经济发展的一支重要力量。截至1989年底，据不完全统计，深圳已有台资企业151家，建成投产的有108家，协议投资总额1.912亿美元，其中台资1.3629亿美元，占投资总额的71.2%。随着投资规模的扩大，台商投资深圳的趋势逐渐向大规模、长期限、多行业、广区域、精工艺、严管理、高效益的方向发展。

Archives show that Taiwan-funded enterprises in Shenzhen had played a vital role in promoting the development of Shenzhen’s export-oriented economy. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 1989, there were 151 Taiwan-funded enterprises in Shenzhen, of which 108 had been put into operation, with a total agreed investment of US$191.2 million. With the expansion of the investment scale, the trend of Taiwanese investments has gradually developed towards concepts of large scale, long term, multi-industry, wide region, refined technology, strict management and high efficiency. 

 

台企的迅猛发展，是深圳经济特区发展外向型经济的重要成果。资金、技术、设备与信息的引进，起到了支援特区经济建设的作用，也带动了两岸文化、体育、科技等方面的交流，促进了两岸关系的缓和，具有政治、经济双重意义。

The rapid development of Taiwan-funded enterprises was a significant result of the development of the Shenzhen SEZ’s export-oriented economy. The introduction of capital, technology, equipment and information has played a role in supporting the economic construction of the Shenzhen SEZ, led to the cultural, sports, science and technology exchanges between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan, and promoted cross-Straits relations.

深圳故事｜深圳招商引资的先行者：“洽谈办”

深圳招商引资的先行者：“洽谈办”

Pioneer of Shenzhen’s introduction of foreign investment: ‘negotiation office’

1978年，在积极发展生产、扩大对外贸易的风潮下，来料加工业在宝安县蓬勃兴起。在外向型经济发展需求的推动下，1979年5月，深圳市对外经济技术联络办公室正式成立。这个专门负责与外商、港商进行谈判、引进外资等事务的部门，当年被人们形象地称为“洽谈办”。

In 1978, the trade of processing supplied materials flourished in Bao’an County. Driven by the demands of export-oriented economic development, the Shenzhen Foreign Economic and Technological Liaison Office was officially established in May 1979. This department, which was responsible for negotiating with foreign enterprises and Hong Kong businesses and introducing foreign investment, was called the “negotiation office.”

 

“洽谈办”在成立之初，上上下下都没有经验，不知道该如何招商引资，大家主要是通过自学，在实践中不断摸索，研究既对中国有利，又不违反当时法律的“新路子”。

At the beginning of its establishment, all of the staff was inexperienced and didn’t know how to introduce foreign investment. They mainly studied by themselves and kept experimenting with new ways in practice.

 

当时与百事可乐公司合作的深圳罐头厂，厂址位于罗湖田贝，那时四周都还是农田，没有什么像样的路。1981年签订合约时，深圳罐头厂安排了一辆四轮拖拉机作为迎宾车，把代表们接了过来。就这样，在“洽谈办”的努力下，百事可乐公司成为第一家到深圳投资的“世界500强”企业，也是首批进入中国内地的跨国公司。

The Shenzhen Cannery that cooperated with PepsiCo was located in Tianbei, Luohu District and was surrounded by farmland. When the two companies signed the contract in 1981, a four-wheel tractor was engaged to pick up the delegates. In this way, through the efforts of the negotiation office, PepsiCo became the first Fortune Global 500 company to invest in Shenzhen and was among the first batch of multinational companies to settle on the Chinese mainland.

 

随着来料加工业的迅速发展，“洽谈办”的业务越来越“红火”。1979年的一份档案资料显示，三十多名工作人员平均每天洽谈十多名客户，繁忙时一天最多接待二十多名客户。前来洽谈业务的港商在办公室外排队等待，有时甚至要在深圳等候两三天之久。截至1979年9月底，前来“洽谈办”洽谈生意的商户共有三百八十多户，其中有45个财团或跨国公司。1979年12月19日，深圳印发《关于对外经济有关审批权限规定试行的通知》，明确一切协议、合同，需在批准流程完成后加盖“深圳市对外经济技术联络办公室”公章才能生效。

An archive document dated 1979 shows that more than 30 staff members negotiated with an average of more than 10 customers a day and the number went up to 20 when the negotiation office was busy. Hong Kong businesses which came to negotiate needed to wait outside the office. Sometimes they even had to wait for two or three days in Shenzhen. By the end of September 1979, there were more than 380 clients, including 45 consortia or multinational companies, who came to negotiate business. On December 19, 1979, Shenzhen issued the Notice on the Trial Implementation of the Provisions on the Authority of Examination and Approval of Foreign-related Economy, which made it clear that all agreements and contracts could take effect only after the conclusion of the approval process with the official seal of the Shenzhen Foreign Economic and Technological Liaison Office stamped on the relevant documents.

 

“洽谈办”的成立，改变了以往单纯“等客上门”的消极态度，大胆、积极、主动、广泛开展对外联系和洽谈贸易活动，为建设初期的深圳引进外资提供了便利，有力推动了深圳外向型经济的发展。

The establishment of the negotiation office had changed the previous procedure of “simply waiting for customers to come to the door.” It facilitated the introduction of foreign investment of Shenzhen, which has since strongly promoted the development of Shenzhen’s export-oriented economy.

深圳故事｜特区发展的“第一桶金”：“三来一补”

特区发展的“第一桶金”：“三来一补”

First pot of gold of Shenzhen SEZ: ‘three supplies and one compensation’ trade

“三来一补”是改革开放初期创立的一种企业贸易形式，即“来料加工”“来样加工”“来件装配”与“补偿贸易”，是由外商提供设备、原材料、来样等，由中方提供工地、厂房、劳动力，按照外商要求组织生产、加工装配，全部产品外销，中方收取加工费的一种贸易方式。

“Three supplies and one compensation” was a form of trade among enterprises at the beginning of reform and opening up, namely “processing with supplied materials, processing according to supplied samples, assembling with supplied parts, and compensation trade.” Foreign clients provided equipment, raw materials, and samples while Chinese enterprises provided land, workshops and labor and organized production, processing and assembly in accordance with the requirements of foreign clients. All products were exported and Chinese enterprises charged only processing fees.

 

宝安县（深圳市前身）的“三来一补”贸易起步于1978年。

The "three supplies and one compensation" trade of Bao’an County (the predecessor of Shenzhen) started in 1978.

 

1978年7月，国务院颁布《开展对外加工装配业务试行办法》，允许采取先办厂、后承接外商加工装配业务的“来料加工”方式，试行“三来一补”。根据国务院的指示，1978年10月，广东省外贸局发布通知，同意宝安、珠海、东莞等县、市的外贸单位，依托地缘优势和生产基础，会同当地计划和工业部门，直接办理对港澳地区的加工装配业务。党的十一届三中全会召开后，中央赋予广东“特殊政策、灵活措施”，彼时的宝安县充分发挥毗邻港澳、华侨众多、交通便利的优势，积极发展“三来一补”贸易，对后来深圳经济的起步和跨越式发展产生了巨大的推动作用。

In July 1978, the State Council issued the Trial Measures to Carry out Foreign Processing and Assembly Business, allowing enterprises to set up factories first and then undertake processing and assembly businesses from foreign clients. According to the instructions of the State Council, in October 1978, the Guangdong Provincial Foreign Trade Bureau issued a notice, agreeing that the foreign trade departments of Bao’an, Zhuhai, Dongguan and other counties and cities, relying on their geographical advantages and production bases, together with the local planning and industrial departments, directly handle the processing and assembly businesses of Hong Kong and Macao. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the Central Government offered Guangdong Province “special policies and flexible measures,” letting Bao’an County give full play to its advantages and actively develop the “three supplies and one compensation” trade, which greatly promoted the subsequent leapfrog growth of Shenzhen’s economy.

深圳市对外加工装配业务经验交流会议文件之一《引进外资 开展对外加工装配情况总结（1979年1至9月份）》

One of the documents of the Shenzhen Foreign Processing and Assembly Business Experiences Exchange Conference — “Summary of Foreign Processing and Assembly” (January to September 1979).

 

1979年9月，国务院颁布《开展对外加工装配和中小型补偿贸易办法》，进一步规范来料加工贸易方式，“三来一补”业务在国家层面上的合法性得到进一步确认。此后，深圳引进“三来一补”企业的步伐大大加快。

In September 1979, the State Council issued a document to further standardize the processing trade, and the legitimacy of the “three supplies and one compensation” mode was further confirmed at the national level. Since then, the pace of introducing enterprises engaging in the “three supplies and one compensation” trade was greatly accelerated.

 

档案资料显示，1993-1994年，“三来一补”贸易在深圳的发展到达顶峰阶段，1994年，深圳“三来一补”企业数量占全省的1/3，累计实际利用外资占全省的48%，出口总额、就业人数、工缴费结汇均占全省的40%左右。这充分说明，在特区经济发展初期，“三来一补”贸易为深圳带来了“第一桶金”，是深圳外向型经济的重要支柱，也表明深圳在全省外向型经济中的显要地位。

Archives show that from 1993 to 1994, the development of the “three supplies and one compensation” trade in Shenzhen reached its peak. In 1994, the number of related enterprises in Shenzhen accounted for one-third of that of the province, and the cumulative actual utilization of foreign capital accounted for 48% of that of the province. The total exports, number of employees and settlement of processing fees each accounted for about 40% of the province’s total. In the early stage of the economic development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, the “three supplies and one compensation” mode brought Shenzhen its “first pot of gold” and became an important pillar of Shenzhen’s export-oriented economy.