深圳故事｜探秘蛇口工业区的“一年制”培训班

探秘蛇口工业区的“一年制”培训班

The one-year training course of Shekou Industrial Zone

蛇口工业区建立之初，在新经营形势的推动下，以企业管理“一年制”培训班为起点，率先招收人才、培养人才，为深圳经济特区的高速发展积累了人才优势。

The Shekou Industrial Zone, shortly after its establishment, organized a one-year training course on enterprise management, which helped recruit and cultivate a large number of talents, paving the way for the fast development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

蛇口工业区是一个以外资为主、自担风险、追求高速发展的出口加工工业区。虽然有政策的支持，但工业区内企业的经营状况很大程度上取决于干部的经营、管理水平。

Shekou was mainly a foreign-invested, export processing oriented industrial zone that bore the risks even as it pursued its high-speed development. Although supported by policies, the business operation of enterprises in the Shekou Industrial Zone depended largely on the management and administration of its officials.

为适应发展，1981年9月，蛇口工业区经上级批准，分别在北京、广州、武汉等地，向相关部门公开招聘了45岁以下的中青年专业干部。这些在职干部大部分是大学理工科毕业生，具有较高的专业技术水平，但在企业的经营、管理方面仍然缺乏经验。

To adapt to its development, the Shekou Industrial Zone, with approval from higher authorities, in September 1981 went to Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan and other cities and recruited officials under 45 years old who had professional expertise. Most of the officials hired were college graduates with majors in science and technology. They had high levels of professional and technical skills, but lacked experience in corporate operation and administration.

为了弥补这一不足，同年，蛇口工业区在《广州日报》刊登了《广东省深圳特区招商局蛇口工业区企业管理培训班招生简章》，明确招收一批有志于企业管理的技术人才，并对他们进行企业管理、外贸业务和商业英语等知识的培训。培训为期一年，考核合格的，统一分配至蛇口工业区的企业工作。

To address this issue, in the same year the Shekou Industrial Zone organized a one-year training course to cultivate talents in business management, international trade and commercial English. It ran an advertisement in Guangzhou Daily, seeking to enroll a batch of technicians for the training course who aspired to work in corporate management. Those who passed the final examinations were assigned to work in enterprises wholly owned by the Shekou Industrial Zone.

随后，1981年12月8日，第一期培训班在圆坛庙（现蛇口鲸山别墅区）正式开班，聘请了教授、讲师、经济问题专家授课，引导人才把专业技术专长和企业管理知识进行有机结合。

The training course officially began at the Yuantan Temple (now Jingshan Villas in Shekou) on December 8, 1981. Professors and economic scholars were invited to give lectures for the course.

招商局蛇口工业区企业管理培训班招生简章（招商局档案馆提供）

The enrollment notice of the China Merchants Group Shekou Industrial Zone Corporate Management Training Course, provided by the archive office of China Merchants Group.

1982年10月，第一期培训班结束，共有37名学员顺利结业，分别在合资企业和工业区的企业管理机构、公司中任职。此后，企业管理培训班每年一期，参加培训的人数逐年上升，圆坛庙逐渐成为了蛇口工业区培养现代化管理人才的“黄埔军校”。

The first training course ended in October 1982, with 37 attendees passing all the exams. They were assigned to work in joint ventures, corporate management institutions and enterprises wholly owned by the industrial zone. Similar training courses were subsequently organized annually, and the number of people attending the courses kept increasing. The Yuantan Temple was dubbed the “Whampoa Military Academy” of the Shekou Industrial Zone for cultivating modern business management talents.

从企业管理培训班成长起来的一批批人才，以扎实的专业技术水平和过硬的管理能力，成为各行业的中坚力量，助力蛇口工业区乃至深圳经济特区的发展日新月异。

The people who graduated from the training course had solid technical skills and excellent management ability, and had gradually become the backbone of various industries who contributed greatly to the fast development of the Shekou Industrial Zone, as well as the entire Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

深圳故事｜蛇口工业区：改革开放“第一炮”

蛇口工业区：改革开放“第一炮”

Shekou Industrial Zone: debut of China’s reform and opening up

说起改革开放的深圳故事，一定离不开蛇口工业区的一声炮响。蛇口工业区是如何诞生的呢？故事要从一份档案说起。

The Shekou Industrial Zone is always mentioned when speaking of the reform and opening up. How was it established? The story may be found within an archive.

 

1979年1月6日，国家交通部和广东省联合向时任国务院副总理李先念和国务院上报《关于我驻香港招商局在广东宝安建立工业区的报告》，提出由隶属于交通部的香港招商局在宝安蛇口公社境内建立工业区。之所以初步选定蛇口，是考虑既能利用国内较廉价的土地和劳动力，又便于使用国外的资金、先进技术和原材料，充分结合两者有利条件，促进宝安边防城市工业建设和广东省建设，推动实现我国交通航运现代化。

On January 6, 1979, the State Ministry of Transport and Guangdong Province jointly submitted the Report on the Establishment of the Industrial Zone of the Hong Kong-based China Merchants Group in Bao’an, Guangdong Province to the then Vice Premier Li Xiannian and the State Council, proposing that China Merchants Group of the Ministry of Transport build an industrial zone in Shekou Commune in Bao’an. The cheap land and labor were the main reasons why Shekou was chosen. Also, thanks to its advantageous geographical location, Shekou was able to make full use of the available foreign capital, advanced technologies and raw materials. With these favorable conditions, the industrial construction of Bao’an and Guangdong Province was initiated, contributing to the modernization of China’s transport and shipping.

 

1979年1月31日，时任国家交通部副部长彭德清与时任香港招商局常务副董事长袁庚前往中南海，向李先念同志汇报工作，袁庚还携带了一份香港出版的《香港明细全图》。

On January 31, 1979, Peng Deqing, the then vice minister of the Ministry of Transport, and Yuan Geng, the then executive vice chairman of China Merchants Group, went to Zhongnanhai to report to Li Xiannian. Yuan also brought with him a Detailed and Complete Map of Hong Kong that had been published in Hong Kong.

《香港明细全图》（原件藏于招商局档案馆）

The Detailed and Complete Map of Hong Kong. (The original copy is preserved in the China Merchants Group Archives.)

在汇报过程中，谈及香港招商局的情况，袁庚拿出了这份地图，说道：“我们想请中央大力支持，在宝安县的蛇口划出一块地段，作为招商局的工业用地。“李先念仔细审视了这份地图，划出了整个南头半岛的区域，说：“就给你这个半岛吧！”但袁庚考虑到整个南头半岛面积太大，所涉资金数额巨大，倘若试验失败，则“牵一发而动全身”。他用红笔在南头半岛最南端“点”住了一块仅有2.14平方公里的地方——这就是后来的蛇口工业区。

When mentioning China Merchants Group, Yuan showed the map to Li Xiannian and said: “We would like to ask the Central Government to strongly support the establishment of an industrial zone and designate a plot of land in Shekou of Bao’an County as the industrial land of China Merchants Group.” Li carefully examined the map and designated the entire Nantou Peninsula area, saying: “This is for you!” However, Yuan thought it was too big an area for the plan and believed they could not afford to fail. At last, he chose an area of 2.14 square kilometers in the southernmost part of the Nantou Peninsula, which later became the Shekou Industrial Zone.

 

同年7月，随着蛇口之滨的一声巨响，香港招商局在深圳蛇口公社炸山填海，基础工程破土动工，炸响了轰动全国的改革开放“第一炮”。

In July of the same year, a loud explosion was heard on the shore of Shekou. With that first excavation of the mountains, the project was launched by China Merchants Group, serving as the “first shot” of the reform and opening up.

深圳故事｜竹园宾馆：率先实行”炒鱿鱼”

竹园宾馆：率先实行”炒鱿鱼”

Bamboo Garden Hotel the 1st to adopt labor contract

深圳第一家中外合作酒店——竹园宾馆坐落于罗湖区东门北路，背靠青山，四周竹林环绕，它在经营和管理方面作出的有益探索，载入了深圳改革开放的史册。

The Bamboo Garden Hotel, the first Sino-overseas cooperative hotel in Shenzhen, is located on Dongmen Road North in Luohu District. The hotel lies at the foot of a mountain and is surrounded by a bamboo forest. It adopted some leading measures in its operation and management, which was recorded in the history of Shenzhen’s reform and opening up.

 

1979年6月，深圳市饮食服务公司与香港妙丽集团有限公司签订了《关于兴办经营竹园别墅的协议》，共同兴办深圳第一家中外合资的三星级涉外宾馆——竹园宾馆。

In June 1979, Shenzhen Catering Service Company and a Hong Kong company signed an agreement to jointly establish Shenzhen’s first three-star Sino-overseas joint venture hotel, the Bamboo Garden Hotel.

 

但运营不到1年，就出现了问题，部分服务员迟到、早退的现象频频发生，甚至经常旷工，十分懒散。这些员工和勤劳肯干的员工拿着同样的月薪，这打击了辛勤工作员工的积极性，也降低了竹园宾馆的效益和声誉。香港妙丽集团负责人认为，要按照香港酒店的标准进行管理，服务员必须尽职尽责做好工作，如果违反规定，就要”炒鱿鱼”。

However, after less than one year’s operation, some issues arose: Some hotel attendants were very lazy, either were late for work or frequently left early, or abstained from work. These staff members earned the same salary as other staff members who worked hard, which discouraged the hard-working employees and reduced the effectiveness and reputation of the hotel. The Hong Kong company believed that the hotel should be managed according to the standards of Hong Kong hotels and attendants should do their job and be fired if they broke the rules.

 

但在那时，大陆企业一直实行”统包统配”的劳动用工制度，劳动者的就业由国家统一分配，终身雇佣的固定用工制度是主流的雇佣模式；工资分配采取平均主义，人员流动率低，工作单位成为个体的主要依靠，人们把这一制度称为”铁饭碗”。

Back then, mainland enterprises had been practicing a centralized labor allocation system, and the employment of workers was uniformly allocated by the State. The fixed-term employment with lifetime employment was the dominant employment model: The wage distribution is egalitarian, the turnover is low, and the work unit becomes essentially dependent on the individual assigned to the work. This labor system was called the “iron rice bowl” (secure job).

 

在港方的强烈要求下，深圳将用工自主权交给了竹园宾馆，一套全新的用工管理办法开始推行。竹园宾馆既没有完全照搬香港的做法，又打破了内地”老一套”管理枷锁，主要包括：革除固定用工制，一律实行劳动合同制，全国第一份劳工合同随之诞生；将固定工资改为职务技术工资和浮动工资各占50%的工资形式，浮动工资与业绩和个人表现挂钩；在考核基础上确定职工的职务和级别……这些做法极大调动了职工的劳动积极性，竹园宾馆1982年的利润比上一年翻了整整一倍，也为整个深圳乃至全国劳动用工制度和工资制度的改革进行了有益的探索。

In response to the strong request of the Hong Kong company, Shenzhen gave the autonomy of labor management to the Bamboo Garden Hotel, which launched a new employment management method. The hotel did not simply copy the practice of Hong Kong, but did break the old management practices of the mainland. It abolished the fixed employment system and implemented the labor contract system, giving birth to the first labor contract in the country. It changed the fixed salary to a salary formed by the fixed part and the variable part, each accounting for 50%, and the variable part depended on the individual’s performance. It determined the positions and ranks of employees based on assessment. These practices greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the workers, and the profit of the Bamboo Garden Hotel in 1982 doubled that of the previous year. The pioneering practice of the hotel served as a model for the reform of the labor system and wage system in Shenzhen and even for the whole country.

1981年12月26日，《竹园宾馆国内职工工资试行办法》

Trial Measures for Domestic Staff Salaries in the Bamboo Garden Hotel, December 26, 1981.

根据竹园宾馆的发展经验，1983年，深圳出台《深圳市实行劳动合同制暂行办法》，明确合同制是特区的用工方向，并对招收、使用、工资、保险问题作出新的规定，深圳由此成为中国内地第一个实行劳动用工合同制的城市。

Based on the experience of the Bamboo Garden Hotel, in 1983, Shenzhen issued the Interim Measures for the Implementation of Labor Contract System in Shenzhen, specifying that the contract system is the main employment system in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The measures also established new regulations on recruitment, labor use, wages and insurance. Shenzhen thus became the first city on the Chinese mainland to implement a labor contract system.

深圳故事｜见证改革开放浪潮的“窗口”：罗湖口岸

见证改革开放浪潮的“窗口”：罗湖口岸

Luohu Port: the port that witnesses the reform and opening up

作为深圳市客流量最大的旅客出入境陆路口岸，罗湖口岸以一座双层人行天桥与一座铁路桥连通深港，见证着改革开放浪潮下深圳河两岸的蓬勃发展。

As the land port with the largest passenger flow in Shenzhen, Luohu Port connects Shenzhen and Hong Kong with a double-decker pedestrian bridge and a railroad bridge, witnessing the vigorous development of both sides of Shenzhen River under the wave of reform and opening up.

 

罗湖口岸的历史可以追溯至罗湖铁路桥。因地处界河，又位于港、粤两段铁路的合拢处，1910年，詹天佑主持督建了罗湖铁路桥。1911年8月14日，广九铁路通车，罗湖铁路桥沟通了广九铁路这条大动脉，使得口岸来往人口大量增加。

The history of Luohu Port can be traced back to the Luohu Railway Bridge, which was located at the boundary river and at the convergence of the Hong Kong and Guangdong railway sections. In 1910, Zhan Tianyou supervised the construction of the Luohu Railway Bridge, which connected the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway that was opened to traffic on August 14, 1911, increasing the passengers of the port dramatically.

1911年8月14日，广九铁路通车仪式现场。

The launching ceremony of the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway on August 14, 1911.

1950年7月1日，经中央人民政府批准，罗湖口岸正式定名并开放通行，从此，罗湖口岸成为真正意义上的“国门”。作为改革开放以前深圳仅有的两个陆路口岸之一，罗湖口岸在过境贸易、旅游服务等领域发挥着关键影响力。

On July 1, 1950, Luohu Port was officially named and opened with the approval of the Central People’s Government. Since then, the Luohu port has become a real sense of “national gate”. As one of the only two land ports of Shenzhen prior to the reform and opening up, Luohu Port played a key role in the fields of transit trade and tourism services.

 

1997年7月1日香港回归后，九龙海关更名为深圳海关，罗湖口岸由此转为“一国两制”的前沿阵地。

After the return of Hong Kong in 1997, Kowloon Customs was renamed Shenzhen Customs, thus turning Luohu Port into the frontline of “one country, two systems.”

 

新的时代机遇为口岸通关能力带来了升级挑战，2002年罗湖口岸进行了大规模场地改造，全面更新后的罗湖口岸日通过能力由上世纪80年代的20万人次提高至40万人次。2005年6月，我国自主研发的旅客自助查验系统投入使用，罗湖口岸自此进入了“互联互通”的电子化智能通关时代。

In 2002, Luohu Port underwent a large-scale site renovation, after which its daily passenger clearance capacity was increased from 200,000 in the 1980s to 400,000. In June 2005, China’s self-developed passenger self-checking system was put into use and thus Luohu Port has since entered the era of intelligent passenger clearance.

 

建设“粤港澳大湾区”和“中国特色社会主义先行示范区”以来，罗湖口岸承担着边境口岸“排头兵”的角色。目前，罗湖区正在规划建设以罗湖、文锦渡、莲塘三大口岸为核心的“深港口岸经济带”，打造国际口岸枢纽门户，持续推动深港两地深度合作发展。罗湖口岸也即将迎来改造重建，由传统的“两地两检”模式转变为创新查验模式，提高深港双城通关效率，促进区域资源要素双向高效流动。

Since Shenzhen started the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the Pilot Demonstration Area of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, Luohu Port has been undertaking the leading role of border ports in Shenzhen. At present, Luohu District is planning to build the “Shenzhen-Hong Kong Port Economic Belt” with Luohu, Wenjindu and Liantang ports at the core, aiming to create an international port hub and to continue to promote the deep cooperation between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. To improve the efficiency of clearance and the two-way flow of regional resources, Luohu Port is also about to undergo future reconstruction and renovation.

深圳故事｜深圳股市的先行者——深市“老五股”

深圳股市的先行者——深市“老五股”

Pioneer of the Shenzhen stock market – the “Old Five Stocks” of Shenzhen Stock Exchange

在早已实现股票交易无纸化的今天，有多少深圳人还记得“深发展”和“深万科”等大家耳熟能详的深市“老五股”？早期纸质版本的股票又长什么模样呢？

In today’s stock market where trading has become paperless, how many Shenzheners still remember the familiar names of the “Old Five Stocks” of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, including Shenzhen Development and Shenzhen Vanke? What did those paper stocks in early times look like?

 

走进深圳市档案馆举办的《先行之路——深圳经济特区档案文献展》，我们可以看到展出的深市“老五股”实体股票。这5只股票是由中国收藏家协会股证专业委员会会员陆剑洪捐赠的。

The physical stocks of the “Old Five Stocks” of Shenzhen Stock Exchange are on display at the “The Road of Pioneers – An Exhibition of Archives and Documents of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone” in the Shenzhen Municipal Archive Building. The five paper stocks were donated by Lu Jianhong, a member of the share certificate committee of the China Association of Collectors.

 

1990年深圳证券交易所成立前发行并进行柜台交易的5只股票被称为深市“老五股”。按照发行股票的先后，它们分别是“深发展”“深万科”“深金田”“深安达”和“深原野”。当年这5只个股的总市值在今天看来虽不算多，但它们却以燎原之势席卷了整个深圳证券市场。作为股市中的“老兵”，深市“老五股”让很多第一代股民赚到了“第一桶金”，承载着股民太多的情感，也记载了资本市场的一段重要历史。

The “Old Five Stocks” refer to the five stocks that were issued before the establishment of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 1990 and were traded over the counter. They were, according to the order of their issuances, Shenzhen Development, Shenzhen Vanke, Shenzhen Jintian, Shenzhen Anda and Shenzhen Yuanye. Although the total market capitalization of the five stocks back then may not seem much when compared to today, they had swept through the entire Shenzhen stock market. And many first-generation stock investors made their first buckets of gold by investing in these five stocks. Many stock investors became emotional when hearing the names of the “Old Five Stocks,” which also are on record as an important part of the capital market’s history.

 

首先要介绍的是有着“深市第一股”之称的“深发展”，编号为000001号。1987年，深圳发展银行成立后，在全国率先以自由认购的方式公开发行普通股股票。发行之初，由于储户对股票的认识不全面，把认股证丢得满地都是；但发行4个月后，“深发展”股值涨幅达到290%，买到原始股的市民短短几个月就赚到了大半年的工资，一度引起了股民的疯狂购买。

First, we’d like to introduce you Shenzhen Development, the stock of the former Shenzhen Development Bank and coded as 000001. Dubbed the “first stock in Shenzhen Stock Exchange,” Shenzhen Development Bank was the first bank in China to issue ordinary shares in a public offering after its establishment in 1987. In the beginning, warrants were often seen thrown away by depositors who had purchased the stock as they weren’t necessarily knowledgeable of shares. The stock price of Shenzhen Development rose by 290% in the four months after its issuance, earning investors of the stock a handsome sum in a few months that was equivalent to their salary of nearly a whole year. It caused a buying frenzy among stock investors.

深圳发展银行股票

A paper stock of Shenzhen Development Bank

“深万科”是在深圳证券交易所上市的第二只股票，发行于1991年1月29日。它是“老五股”中唯一一只未经股权转换的股票，在造就“股神”神话的同时，也因证券市场而获得了更大的发展，至今仍是房地产行业上市公司巨头之一。

Shenzhen Vanke, the stock of real estate developer Vanke, was the second stock that was traded at the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, issued on Jan. 29, 1991. It is the only one among the “Old Five Stocks” that hasn’t had an equity swap, which created its myth of being the “God of Stocks.” The company underwent fast development after going public and has grown to be one of the real estate giants.

深圳万科企业股份有限公司股票

The stock of Shenzhen Vanke

“深金田”的前身是一家纺织代销公司，成立于1984年6月，并于1989年2月首次在深圳公开发行股票，它曾经叱咤证券市场，有过年利润超亿元的业绩。

Formerly a textile distributor, Shenzhen Jintian was founded in June 1984 and made its public offering of shares in Shenzhen in February 1989. It was once one of the mostly traded stocks with a record of making annual profits in excess of 100 million yuan.

深圳金田实业股份有限公司股票

The stock of Shenzhen Jintian Industry Co. Ltd.

“深安达”原是深圳市蛇口工业区内唯一的专业陆上货运公司，1989年“深安达”股票一经发行，就出现汹涌抢购的局面，短期内500万“深安达”股票全部售罄。1990年4月至6月，“深安达”股价上涨了433%。

Shenzhen Anda was formerly the only professional land freight company in the Shekou Industrial Zone of Shenzhen. When the company started offering its shares in 1989, it had caused purchase frenzy, with 5 million shares being sold out in a short period of time. Its stock prices rose by 433% from April to June 1990.

蛇口安达运轮股份有限公司股票

The stock of Shekou Anda Transportation Co. Ltd.

抢购最疯狂的是“深原野”个股，1990年2月，“深原野”以第一家中外合资上市公司的身份在深交所上市。上市后，“深原野”创造了数十倍的升幅纪录，被深港两地媒体封为“深圳股王”。

Among the Old Five Stocks, the shares of Shenzhen Champaign Industrial Co. Ltd. were the most bought among investors. The first Sino-foreign joint venture listed in Shenzhen, the company went public at the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in February 1990. The company saw its share price had hiked more than 10 times its IPO price, and was named the “Shenzhen stock king” by the media in Shenzhen and Hong Kong.

深圳原野实业股份有限公司股票

The share certificate of Shenzhen Champaign Industrial Co. Ltd.

1994年，深圳股票发行和交易实行无纸化，纸质股票退出了证券市场，成了收藏者眼中的“断代文物”，开始进入收藏领域。“老五股”纸质股票而今也是身价不菲、一票难求。

Paper shares were withdrawn from the securities market in 1994 when the issuance and trading of stocks went paperless. The old paper shares became a relic to many collectors, who started collecting them. The paper shares of the Old Five Stocks are priced at a premium yet highly sought after.

深圳故事｜新中国第一张股票：“深宝安”

新中国第一张股票：“深宝安”

Shenzhen Bao’an, the first stock of the new China

上世纪八十年代初，中国人对“股票”的概念还十分陌生，老百姓更是不敢想象“用真金白银换张‘纸’就能赚到钱”。那么新中国第一张股票又是如何诞生的呢？

In the 1980s, company stocks was still a fairly novel concept to many Chinese people. It was hard for the public to believe that they could earn more money by spending real money on a piece of paper. So how did the first stock of new China come about?

 

深圳经济特区成立后，各项建设全面推进，基础设施建设、经济发展、行政事业等开支都需要大量资金，“新宝安县”也感到了巨大的经济压力。

After the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, all varieties of construction were being promoted. The “New Bao’an County” was under great economic pressure as the government would need a lot of capital to fund the construction of various infrastructure facilities, economic development, and cover administrative expenses.

 

在这样的背景下，为了适应新形势的需要，更好地集中县社资金和引进外资，有计划地兴办各类企业、事业，1982年11月10日，宝安县人民政府成立宝安县联合投资公司，并决定做“第一个吃螃蟹的人”，尝试以发行股票的方式筹措资金。

Against such a background, in order to meet the needs of the new situation, better concentrate the social capital and introduce foreign investment to push forward the development of various enterprises and public institutions, the Bao’an County Government, on Nov. 10, 1982, set up the Bao’an County Joint Investment Co. and issued shares to raise funds, becoming the “first one to eat crabs.”

 

1983年7月，宝安县联合投资公司发行了新中国成立以来的第一张股票——“深宝安”。25日，本着“入股自愿、退股自由、保本付息、盈利分红”的原则，宝安县联合投资公司在《深圳特区报》刊登了招股公告，欢迎省内外国营集体单位、农村社队和个人（包括华侨、港澳同胞）投资入股，每股人民币十元。县地方财政拥有20%股权。公司确保股东权益，享受优惠待遇。

The Bao’an County Joint Investment Co. in July 1983 issued the first stock of new China – Shenzhen Bao’an. Based on the principles of “voluntary participation, freedom of withdrawal, guaranteed repayment of capital and interest, and profit sharing,” the Bao’an County Joint Investment Co. on July 25 published a prospectus in the Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, welcoming State-owned enterprises, collectively owned companies and individuals (including overseas Chinese, compatriots from Hong and Macao) in Guangdong and outside of the province to invest in the company at 10 yuan (US$1.46) per share. The county treasury owned 20% of the equity, and the company would protect the rights and benefits of all shareholders, who also enjoyed preferential treatment.

1983年7月25日，宝安县联合投资公司在《深圳特区报》刊登招股公告。

The prospectus of the Bao’an County Joint Investment Co. published on Shenzhen Special Zone Daily on July 25, 1983.

公告发布后，全国20多个省、市、自治区的投资者纷纷前来认购。公司首期集资1300万元，远远超出预期，为宝安县的建设汇集了大量资金，1983年，深宝安已获纯利15.7万元，股票1000元就可以分红200元，也让股东们获得了可观的利润。

After the prospectus was published, investors from more than 20 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions nationwide subscribed to purchase the shares. The company raised 13 million yuan in the first phase, far exceeding its expectation and gathering substantial capital for the county’s construction. The net profit of the company in 1983 reached 157,000 yuan. Shareholders made considerable profit by investing in the company, receiving 200 yuan in dividends for every 1,000 shares they owned.

“深宝安”股票票样（原件藏于宝安区档案馆）

A share certificate of Shenzhen Bao’an. (The original copy is in the Bao’an Archives).

“深宝安”的发行，不仅带动了全县股份合作制企业的发展，也是深圳经济特区开展的一项深层次改革，开创了国有企业股份制改革的先河。

The issue of the stock of Shenzhen Bao’an not only drove the development of joint-stock cooperative enterprises in the county, but also was a profound reform carried out by the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, pioneering the reform of the joint-stock system for State-owned enterprises.

深圳故事｜东湖丽苑风波的背后

东湖丽苑风波的背后

Behind the disturbance of Donghu Liyuan estate

东湖丽苑的建设是在深圳经济特区建立之前做出的大胆尝试，在当时引发了不小的风波。

The construction of Donghu Liyuan estate was a bold attempt made before the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which caused quite a disturbance at that time.

 

面对东湖丽苑以及特区建设初期存在的其他非议，起初，中共广东省委领导秉承“只做不说，多做少说，做了再说”的态度，以期用经济特区建设的成就回应各种质疑的声音，然而，经济特区建设越是深入开展，越要求从学理层面，驳斥此种杂音，为特区发展正名。1982年6月7-14日，在深圳市召开了广东省第一次经济特区学术讨论会，与会学者就我国试办经济特区的性质、目的、意义、特区的计划与市场的关系、特区的立法与精神文明等问题进行了认真的理论探讨，较为系统的驳斥了”特区租界论”等错误观点，为经济特区经验的初步总结奠定了思想基础。

In the face of the criticism of Donghu Leyuan and other problems in the early days of the construction of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, the leaders of the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee initially adhered to the strategy of “do more and say less.” From June 7 to 14, 1982, the first academic symposium on the special economic zone of Guangdong Province was held in Shenzhen. The participating scholars discussed the nature, purpose and significance of China’s experimental trial ofthe special economic zones, the relationship between theplans of special economic zones and the market, the legislation of special economic zones and spiritual society, and other issues. They systematically refuted several incorrectviews such as the “concession theory of special economic zones;”their worklaid the ideological foundation for the preliminary summary of the experience gained from special economic zones.

1982年9月25日，深圳市委、市政府向广东省委、省政府并党中央、国务院递交了《深圳经济特区试办情况的总结报告》，回顾了深圳经济特区发展的成果，有力地回应了关于经济特区建设的诘难之声。同年10月, 广东省委、省政府在该报告的基础上，向中央上报了《关于试办经济特区的初步总结》，获得了中央领导的肯定与支持。

On September 25, 1982, the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee and Shenzhen Municipal Government submitted the “SummaryReport on the Trial Operation of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone” to the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee and Guangdong Provincial Government as well as the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. They also reviewed the achievements of the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, and effectively responded to those who dissented tothe construction of the Special Economic Zone. In October of the same year, on the basis of the report, the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee and the Guangdong Provincial Government submitted the Preliminary Summary of the Trial Operation of Special Economic Zones, to the Central Government and won their affirmation and support.

1982年9月25日，深圳市委、市政府向广东省委、省政府并党中央、国务院递交了《深圳经济特区试办情况的总结报告》。

 On September 25, 1982, the CPC Shenzhen Municipal Committee and Shenzhen Municipal Government submitted the Summary on the Trial Operation of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone to the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee and the Guangdong Provincial Government as well as the CPC Central Committee and the State Council.

得到中央的肯定后，深圳开始了出让土地进行房地产开发、收取“土地使用费”、土地“拍卖”的有益探索，也揭开了中国内地土地使用制度改革的序幕。1988年4月12日，七届全国人大一次会议修改了《宪法》，将原来“禁止出租土地”的条款删去，并规定“土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让”。国有土地使用权转让从此合法化。

After receiving the support from the Central Government, Shenzhen began to make positive explorations including land leasing for real estate development, charging the use rights of land and land auctions, which was also the beginning of the reform of the land use system on the Chinese mainland. On April 12, 1988, the First Session of the 7th National People’s Congress amended the Constitution, certifying that “the use rights of land can be transferred in accordance with the law.” Since then, the transfer of the use rights of State-owned land is legal.

中华人民共和国宪法修正案

Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.